Anders Irbäck and Carsten Peterson
Compact three-dimensional U(1) gauge theory reexamined
Physical Review D36, 3804-3808 (1987)

Abstract:

Convincing evidence of a nonvanishing string tension in the continuum limit of compact three-dimensional U(1) gauge theory is presented. It is based on Monte Carlo measurements of Wilson loops on a 323 lattice at β=2.0 and 2.2. The observed string tensions at these couplings are consistent with the Polyakov theory. Also, a very clean signal of a string vibrational contribution to the potential is observed

LU TP 87-04